Fig. 2

Forest plots of crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of the primary outcome (major adverse cardiovascular events) and secondary outcomes (ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure) by mean initial in-hospital heart rate increments. The analyses were adjusted for age and sex in model 1, and all of the variables in the fully adjusted model (model 2), including age, sex, estimated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cancer before admission, smoking status, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, chronic kidney disease stage, alanine aminotransferase, glycated hemoglobin, mean systolic blood pressure, mean diastolic blood pressure, antithrombotics, statins, and beta-blockers. Abbreviations: N, number; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; bpm, beats per minute