Fig. 4

ROC curves and AUC values for training set (A) and validation set (B). (C) Calibration curves for the training dataset and (D) validation dataset. The black dashed line with a 45° angle represents ideal calibration, where the predicted probability equals the observed probability. Analysis of functional decision curves for (E) modeling group and (F) validation group predictions. The curves indicate that, when the probabilities range from 0.30 to 1.00 and from 0.25 to 1.00, the model predicts higher net benefits of functional strategies over default strategies after 90 days, with “all treatments” (all patients receiving positive intervention) and “no treatments” (no patients receiving positive intervention) showing higher net benefits