Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Age ≥ 18-year-old

RLS symptoms present before receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis Treatment

GFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m²

Family history of RLS

Dialysis Duration ≥ 3 months, 4 h per session

Good control of RLS symptoms after RLS medication treatment

Right-handed

History of Neuroactive Drugs and Alcohol Dependence

Complete clinical data

Presence of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders

No contraindications for Imaging Examination

MRI Head movement during MRI scan affects image evaluation quality

Suffering from neurological or psychiatric disorders, including brain tumor, brain injury, stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Parkinsons disease, and Alzheimers disease.