Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: Association between hydrocarbon exposure and risk of stroke: a systematic literature review
Study | Country | Study design | Age | Population characteristics | Sample size | Exposure | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
He 2024 [18] | USA | Cross sectional | NA | Participants from NHANES (1999–2018) | 17,007 | Total BTEX, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, | Higher BTEX levels in then blood are linked to increased stroke risk, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and lifestyle factors. |
Mallah 2022 [14] | USA | Cross sectional | 20 years or above | Participants from NHANES (2003–2016) | 13,792 | Total PAH, 1-Hydroxynaphthalene, 2-Hydroxynaphthalene, 3-Hydroxyfluorene, 2-Hydroxyfluorene, 1-Hydroxypyrene, 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene | Urinary PAH metabolites were linked to cardiovascular diseases like stroke, requiring further study. |
Rahman 2023 [15] | USA | Cross sectional | 20 years or above | Participants from NHANES (2011–2016) | 5,537 | 1-hydroxynaphthalene 2-hydroxynaphthalene 3-hydroxyfluorene 1-hydroxypyrene | Urinary PAHs and manganese levels were positively linked to higher stroke odds |
Shiue 2015 [16] | USA | Cross sectional | 20 years or above | Participants from NHANES (2011–2012) | 5,560 | 2-Hydroxyfluorene, 3-Hydroxyfluorene, 9-Hydroxyfluorene, 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-Hydroxypyrene, 1-Hydroxynaphthalene, 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-Hydroxynaphthalene | Urinary PAHs were linked to stroke, needing further study. |
Zhang 2024 [19] | USA | Cross sectional | 20 years or above | Participants from NHANES (2007–2016) | 7,849 | Total PAH, 2-hydroxynaphthalene | High urinary PAH exposure increased diabetes and stroke risk, with diabetes mediating 5% of the stroke risk. |
Zhang 2019 [20] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | 40 years or above | Participants from the LHID (2000) | 2,83,666 | THC, NMHC | Long-term exposure to THC and NMHC in ambient air was significantly associated with an increased risk of IS. |