Table 2 Exposure, outcome, exposure estimates and covariate adjusted of the included studies
From: Association between hydrocarbon exposure and risk of stroke: a systematic literature review
Study | Exposure | Effect size (95% CI for Stroke) | Analysis method | Adjusted factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
He 2024 [18] | Total BTEX, | OR = 0.97, (0.58–1.61) | Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry | Age, gender, race, BMI, education, PIR, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, serum cotinine, diabetes, hypertension, family history of CVD, total energy intake, protein intake, and eGFR |
Mallah 2022 [14] | Total PAH | OR = 1.17, (1.02–1.33) | Gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry | Age (years), gender (male, female), race, education level, marital status, smoking, drinking, BMI, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). |
1-Hydroxynaphthalene | OR = 1.89, (1.62–2.20) | |||
2-Hydroxynaphthalene | OR = 1.48, (1.28–1.72) | |||
3-Hydroxyfluorene | OR = 1.68, (1.44–1.95) | |||
2-Hydroxyfluorene | OR = 1.94, (1.66–2.26) | |||
1-Hydroxypyrene | OR = 1.41, (1.22–1.64) | |||
1-Hydroxyphenanthrene | OR = 1.88, (1.61–2.19) | |||
Rahman 2023 [15] | 1-hydroxynaphthalene 2-hydroxynaphthalene 3-hydroxyfluorene 1-hydroxypyrene | OR = 2.327, (0.961–5.632) OR = 2.449, (1.067–5.622) OR = 2.201, (1.115–4.346) OR = 2.066, (1.037–4.114) | NA | NA |
Shiue 2015 [16] | 2-hydroxyfluorene | OR = 0.96, (0.63–1.47) | Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry | Urine creatinine, age, sex, body mass index, family income-to-poverty ratio, education level, serum cotinine, alcohol use, physical activity level, and subsampling weighting |
3-hydroxyfluorene | OR = 1.00, (0.71–1.41) | |||
9-hydroxyfluorene | OR = 1.03, (0.63–1.68) | |||
1-hydroxyphenanthrene | OR = 0.93, (0.54–1.60) | |||
2-hydroxyphenanthrene | OR = 0.81, (0.45–1.47) | |||
3-hydroxyphenanthrene | OR = 0.91 (0.57–1.45) | |||
1-hydroxypyrene | OR = 1.05, (0.68–1.63) | |||
1-hydroxynapthalene | OR = 1.21, (0.95–1.56) | |||
4-hydroxyphenanthrene | OR = 0.73, (0.42–1.28) | |||
2-hydroxynapthalene | OR = 1.28, (0.85–1.92) | |||
Zhang 2024 [19] | Total PAH, 2-hydroxynaphthalene | OR = 1.97, (1.11–3.52) OR = 2.23, (1.17–4.25) | NA | Age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, education level, marital status, physical activity, hypertension, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and BMI |
Zhang 2019 [20] | THC NMHC | HR = 3.64, (3.56–3.72) HR = 2.21, (2.16–2.26) | NA | PM 2.5 |