Fig. 4

The pathogenesis and pathophysiological process of intracranial hypertension caused by scalp AVF. The AVF fed by the occipital artery and draining into the scalp vein communicated with the diploic veins via the emissary veins, leading to elevated pressure of intracranial venous sinuses. The elevated pressure of intracranial venous sinuses generated opening of the occipital veins and decreased absorption of CSF, resulting in intracranial hypertension. Intracranial hypertension contributed to the slenderness of the intracranial venous sinuses, which in turn contributed to the aggravated intracranial hypertension. AVF, arteriovenous fistula; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid, ICH, intracranial hypertension