Table 1 Sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive characteristics by migraine type
Variable | Chronic Migraine1 N 50 n (%) | Episodic migraine1 N 10 n (%) | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age* ± SD | 45.3 ± 8.9 | 43.3 ± 7.6 | 0.47 | ||
Time since migraine diagnosis* mean ± SD or median** [IQR] | 20 ± 12.7* | 10 ± 7* | 0.007 | ||
Sex | Female | 42 (84) | 8 (80) | 0.76 | |
Male | 8 (16) | 2 (20) | |||
Educational level | Primary | 14 (28) | 3 (30) | 0.9 | |
Secondary | 15 (30) | 3 (30) | |||
Professional (undergraduate/postgraduate) | 21 (42) | 4 (40) | |||
Age of onset of migraine | Childhood (5–12 years) | 11 (22) | 0 | 0.2 | |
Adolescence (13–20 years) | 13 (26) | 1 (10) | |||
Adult (21–50 years) | 23 (46) | 7 (70) | |||
Older adult (≥ 51 years) | 1 (2) | 1 (10) | |||
No data | 2 (4) | 1 (10) | |||
Migraine severity2 | Mild to moderate (1–5) | 3 (6) | 4 (40) | < 0.001 | |
Moderate to severe (6–10) or refractory to NSAIDs | 45 (90) | 4 (40) | |||
No data | 2 (4) | 2 (20) | |||
General comorbidities | Hypertension | 15 (30) | 2 (20) | 0.76 | |
Hypothyroidism | 15 (30) | 1 (10) | 0.61 | ||
Fibromyalgia | 14 (28) | 2 (20) | 0.82 | ||
Dyslipidaemia | 12 (24) | 4 (40) | 0.47 | ||
Diabetes | 3 (6) | 0 | 0.72 | ||
Coronary disease | 2 (4) | 1 (10) | 0.73 | ||
Chronic kidney disease | 2 (4) | 0 | 0.94 | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis | 1 (2) | 0 | 0.94 | ||
Lupus | 1 (2) | 0 | 0.94 | ||
Psychiatric comorbidities | No | 7 (14) | 2 (20) | NC | |
Depression | 21 (42) | 0 | 0.02 | ||
Anxiety | 2 (4) | 3 (30) | 0.024 | ||
MADD | 16 (38) | 3 (30) | 0.46 | ||
No data | 1 (2) | 2 (20) | NC | ||
Toxic history | Alcohol | 0 | 1 (10) | 0.004 | |
Active smoking | 6 (12) | 3 (30) | 0.13 | ||
Self-reported sleep disturbances (initiation and/or maintenance | Yes | 30 (60) | 6 (60) | 0.99 | |
No | 15 (30) | 3 (30) | |||
No data | 2 (4) | 1 (10) | |||
Self-reported stress | 20 (40) | 4 (40) | 0.89 | ||
Age of onset of self-perceived cognitive disturbances** median (IQR) | 40 (9.25) | 40 (10.5) | 0.95 | ||
Mental health (HADS) | Anxiety | Absence of symptomatology | 15 (30) | 3 (30) | 0.15 |
Probable symptomatology | 14 (28) | 0 | |||
Presence of symptoms | 16 (32) | 5 (50) | |||
No data | 5 (10) | 2 (20) | |||
Depression | Absence of symptomatology | 26 (52) | 4 (40) | 0.7 | |
Probable symptomatology | 6 (12) | 2 (20) | |||
Presence of symptoms | 14 (28) | 2 (20) | |||
No data | 4 (8) | 2 (20) | |||
Neurocognitive | General | Mild to moderate impairment | 5 (10) | 1 (10) | 0.98 |
Doubtful or possible impairment | 13 (26) | 3 (30) | |||
Without impairment | 35 (70) | 6 (60) | |||
No data | 3 (6) | 0 | |||
Cognitive impairment (patient) | Without impairment | 16 (32) | 2 (20) | 0.4 | |
Suggestive of cognitive impairment | 27 (54) | 7 (70) | |||
No data | 7 (14) | 1 (10) | |||
Cognitive impairment (family) | Without impairment | 20 (40) | 2 (20) | 0.2 | |
Suggestive of cognitive impairment | 21 (42) | 6 (60) | |||
No data | 9 (18) | 2 (20) | |||
Memory or Recall | Low | 11 (22) | 2 (20) | 0.42 | |
Normal | 25 (50) | 7 (70) | |||
High | 14 (28) | 1 (10) | |||
Attention (selective) | Low | 8 (16) | 1 (10) | 0.75 | |
Normal | 18 (36) | 4 (40) | |||
High | 17 (34) | 5 (50) | |||
No data | 7 (14) | 0 | |||
Attention (divided) | Low | 2 (4) | 0 | 0.7 | |
Normal | 16 (32) | 3 (30) | |||
High | 17 (34) | 5 (50) | |||
No data | 15 (30) | 2 (20) | |||
Quality of life | Physical | Worse quality | 23 (46) | 4 (40) | 0.95 |
Better quality | 22 (44) | 4 (40) | |||
No data | 5 (10) | 2 (20) | |||
Mental | Worse quality | 26 (32) | 1 (10) | 0.02 | |
Better quality | 19 (38) | 7 (70) | |||
No data | 5 (10) | 2 (20) | |||
Social | Worse quality | 29 (58) | 6 (60) | 0.6 | |
Better quality | 16 (32) | 2 (2) | |||
No data | 5 (10) | 2 (20) | |||
General | Worse quality | 29 (58) | 7 (70) | 0.2 | |
Better quality | 16 (32) | 1 (10) | |||
No data | 5 (10) | 2 (20) | |||