Fig. 1

Differential expression of interleukins and interleukin receptors in normal and AD. (A) Violin plots showing ssGSEA scores for interleukins and interleukin receptors in normal (blue) and AD (red) groups. (B) Heatmap illustrating the hierarchical clustering of gene expression levels for DIGs in normal (blue) and AD (red) groups. The expression values for each gene were standardized to z-scores to facilitate comparison across samples. (C) Violin plots of gene expression levels (TPM values) for DIGs in normal (blue) and AD (red) group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001