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Table 3 Risk factors for chronic low back pain (N = 830)

From: Risk factors of chronic low back pain among Syrian patients: across- sectional study

Characteristics

No. (%)

Univariate

 

Multivariate

 
  

COR (95%CI)

p-value

AOR (95%CI)

p-value

Age

     

18–27

63 (7.6%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

28–37

196 (23.6%)

2.1 (0.9–2.5)

0.722

1.6 (0.7–6.3)

0.351

38–47

252 (30.4%)

1.9 (0.3–2.2)

0.832

2.4 (0.6–12.5)

0.451

48–57

238 (28.7%)

1.7 (0.5–3.1)

0.711

3.8 (0.5–9.6)

0.173

58≥

81 (9.7%)

1.9 (1.2–4.3)

0.351

4.1 (1.3–19.9)

0.062

Gender

     

Male

341 (41.1%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Female

489 (58.9%)

1.2 (0.8–2.7)

0.318

2.4 (0.8–4.6)

0.390

Marital status

     

Single

153 (18.4%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Married

462 (55.6%)

2.7 (0.8–2.9)

0.682

1.9 (0.5–2.3)

0.081

Separated

187 (22.5%)

1.2 (0.7–2.7)

0.083

0.6 (0.3–1.9)

0.259

Widowed

28 (3.4%)

1.9 (1.1–4.6)

0.731

1.4 (0.9–3.6)

0.172

Body mass index (BMI)

     

Underweight

112 (13.5%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Normal

286 (34.4%)

1.3 (0.8–2.4)

0.931

1.2 (0.6–4.2)

0.745

Overweight

246 (29.6%)

3.4 (1.9.– 5.9)

0.006

5.2 (1.9–8.4)

0.0041*

Obese

186 (22.5%)

5.2 (2.1–7.3)

0.041

3.5 (1.2–11.3)

0.361

Highest level of education

     

No formal education

153 (18.6%)

3.2 (1.9–6.3)

0.001

4.6 (1.6–8.4)

0.003*

Primary

269 (32.4%)

0.8 (0.6–2.9)

0.549

3.4 (0.4–8.4)

0.163

Secondary

233 (28.1%)

2.1 (0.9–4.6)

0.831

2.9 (0.7–7.3)

0.962

Tertiary

174 (20.9%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Exercise frequency

     

No

389 (46.9%)

2.8 (1.9–4.6)

 

3.7 (1.8–6.3)

0.027*

Yes

441 (53.1%)

1 (ref )

0.007

1 (ref )

 

Smoking attitude

     

No

223 (26.9%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Yes– 1 to 10 cigarettes

264 (31.8%)

2.4 (0.8–3.2)

0.004

1.2 (0.9–6.3)

0.008**

Yes– 11 and above

343 (41.3%)

5.1 (2.6–11.3)

0.031

4.8 (2.4– 12.6)

0.003**

Alcohol consumption

     

No

641 (77.2%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Occasional

135 (16.2%)

1.3 (0.7–2.8)

0.042

1.4 (0.8–4.7)

0.047*

Frequent

54 (6.6%)

3.0 (1.4–7.3)

0.006

4.9 (1.8–14.6)

0.073

Type of work

     

Semi sedentary

456 (54.9%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Sedentary

164 (19.7%)

9.5 (5.2–11.5)

0.002

4.2 (2.1 8.5)

0.003**

Manual labor

210 (25.4%)

8.9 (3.7–17.9)

0.008

3.8 (1.9 7.6)

0.005**

Sitting posture

     

Straight back

198 (23.8%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

Stooped

135 (16.3%)

2.7 (1.9–5.9)

0.027

3.5 (0.9–8.2)

0.039*

Backward inclination

231 (27.8%)

4.3 (0.9–8.4)

0.094

2.7 (0.6–5.9)

0.143

Forward inclination

266 (32.1%)

1.3 (0.9–2.5)

0.039

1.7 (0.9–6.7)

0.194

Use of back support

     

Yes

254 (30.6%)

1 (ref )

0.041

1 (ref )

 

No

576 (69.4%)

4.2 (1.7–5.6)

 

1.7 (0.6–4.7)

0.842

How long in this occupation?

     

< 2

49 (5.9%)

1 (ref )

 

1 (ref )

 

2–3

142 (17.1%)

1.7 (0.9–2.6)

0.753

1.4 (0.6–2.3)

0.089

3–4

165 (19.9%)

0.9 (0.8–3.8)

0.832

0.7 (0.6–2.6)

0.142

4–5

223 (26.9%)

0.4 (0.9–1.9)

0.722

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

0.253

6≥

251 (30.2%)

1.6 (0.7–4.9)

0.469

1.1 (0.4–3.6)

0.082

Positive family history of CLBP

     

Yes

356 (42.9%)

3.7 (0.8–6.2)

0.026

2.6 (0.6–4.6)

0.471

No

474 (57.1%)

1 (ref )

   
  1. Bold p-values on multivariate analysis were statistically significant
  2. *Sig at p < 0.05
  3. **Sig at p < 0.001
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BMC Neurology

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