Table 4 Risk factors of chronic low back pain among females (N = 489)

No. of pregnancies

489 (58.9%)

2.2 (1.6–2.7)

0.021

1.8 (0.8–3.5)

0.032

Education

Primary education

237 (48.5%)

1.2 (0.5–2.6)

0.351

1.3 (0.7–2.1)

0.043

Secondary education

210 (42.9%)

1.6 (1.1–4.2)

0.742

2.1 (0.9–1.4)

0.025

Exercise Frequency

No

289 (59.1%)

2.3 (1.4–4.3)

0.005

2.1 (1.9–4.7)

0.033

Smoking attitude

Yes– 11 and above

246 (50.3%)

11.3 (7.9–22.6)

0.024

24.7 (14.9–67.6)

0.005

Type of work

Sedentary

103 (21.1%)

11.7 (6.7–25.9)

0.000

46.2 (8.9–78.4)

0.002

Manual labor

112 (22.9%)

15.8 (7.9–28.2)

0.032

34.6 (5.7–83.7)

0.007

Sitting posture

Stooped

72 (14.7%)

3.7 (2.9–8.9)

0.011

12.7 (3.9–51.7)

0.009

Forward inclination

184 (37.6%)

2.5 (2.2–7.3)

0.005

6.8 (3.4–25.7)

0.027