Table 2 Details of outcomes reported by the studies

Perlstein 2008 [26]

Adverse AIS outcome

Long- term physical, mental, or emotional problem or illness as a consequence of AIS

0.55 (0.31–0.98)

Higher serum TB is associated improved AIS outcomes

Pineda 2008^[25]

AIS severity

NIHSS > 12

2.785 (1.25–6.202)

Higher DB is associated with greater AIS severity

Luo 2012 [24]

AIS severity

NIHSS ≥ 8

TB: 3.55 (1.57–7.15)

DB: 3.70 (1.98–6.92)

Serum bilirubin’s were in significant correlation with severity of AIS

Xu 2013^[34]

AIS severity

NIHSS ≥ 10

TB: 2.34 (1.58–3.46)

DB: 3.08 (2.05–4.62)

Serum bilirubin levels closely correlate with AIS severity

Tan 2015 [33]

HmT

Hemorrhage within the acute ischemic lesion detected by magnetic resonance imaging

1.139 (1.008–1.286)

TB independently correlated with HmT in AIS

Geng 2016 [32]

Poor functional outcome

mRS > 2

1.795 (1.311–2.458)

DB is significantly associated with discharge outcome in AIS

Jian 2020 [31]

HmT, sICH

HmT was diagnosed and classified according to the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study radiological classification. sICH defined based on Heidelberg Bleeding Classification;

sICH

TB: 1.102 (1.027–1.182)

DB: 1.192 (0.967–1.471)

IB: 1.177 (1.064–1.303)

HmT

TB: 1.106 (1.041–1.175)

DB: 1.364 (1.133–1.641)

IB: 1.143 (1.052–1.242)

Elevated admission bilirubin is an independent predictor of HmT and sICH in AIS patients

Li 2020 [28]

AIS severity

NIHSS ≥ 8

TB: 1.05 (1.03–1.07); 1.05 (1.02–1.09)

DB: 1.18 (1.08–1.29); 1.18 (1.05–1.33)

Bilirubin independently mediates severity of AIS

Ouyang 2021 [30]

Poor functional outcome

mRS > 2

TB: 1.31 (1.08–1.58)

DB: 1.43 (1.15–1.77)

IB: 1.28 (1.05–1.55)

Elevated levels of serum bilirubin were significantly associated with poor functional outcomes in patients with AIS

Peng 2021 [29]

Mortality, sICH

sICH was diagnosed as any hemorrhagic transformation temporarily associated with deterioration of neurological symptoms using the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke criteria

sICH

As different groups-

TB: 1.119 (0.421–2.972)

DB: 2.549 (0.897–7.242)

IB: 0.906 (0.343–2.398)

Per unit increase:

TB: 1.177 (0.861–1.610)

DB: 1.555 (1.057–2.287)

IB: 1.116 (0.816–1.527)

Mortality

As different groups-

TB: 1.927 (0.758–4.899)

DB: 5.872 (1.671–20.640)

IB: 1.524 (0.617–3.763)

Per unit increase:

TB: 1.246 (0.919–1.689)

DB: 1.555 1.557 (1.090–2.224)

IB: 1.217 (0.906–1.635)

Increased DB pre-thrombolysis had a stronger association with as well as greater incremental predictive value for poor outcomes than TB and IB in AIS patients

Chen X 2023 [27]

HmT, sICH

HmT was diagnosed as new hemorrhage in follow-up computed tomography images within 24–36 h after thrombolysis. sICH was defined as HmT accompanied by deterioration of neurological function

HmT

As different groups-

TB: 3.36 (1.46–7.72)

DB: 4.18 (1.74–10.00)

IB: 2.37 (1.12–5.03)

Per unit increase-

TB: 1.05 (1.01–1.08)

DB: 1.18 (1.05–1.31)

IB: 1.06 (1.02–1.10)

sICH

As different groups-

TB: 4.99 (1.32–18.94)

DB: 7.13 (1.84–27.73)

IB: 3.33 (1.08–10.25)

Per unit increase-

TB: 1.07 (1.02–1.13)

DB: 1.29 (1.10–1.50)

IB: 1.07 (1.02–1.13)

A positively linearly relationship is noted between serum bilirubin levels and the risk of HmT and sICH in patients with AIS undergoing intravenous thrombolysis

Chen J 2023 [23]

HmT

HmT was diagnosed as new hemorrhage in follow-up computed tomography images

3.924 (2.051–7.505)

TB is associated with a high risk of HmT in AIS

Duan 2023 [22]

AIS severity

NIHS > 5

0.107 (0.053–0.162)*

High TB and DB level within 48 h of symptom onset could be an independent marker of severity of AIS