Table 4 Outcomes of the included studies

Dev, 2023 [22]

Levothyroxine treatment significantly decreased headache frequency and severity compared to the placebo group at three months of follow-up. Additionally, the treatment significantly decreased the MIDAS score, indicating a significant improvement in headache management.

Headache Frequency Mean Difference: 1.61, Headache Severity Mean Difference: 1.15

MIDAS Score Mean Difference: 2.15

Filipchuk, 2022 [31]

Treated hypothyroidism (dose stable) was significantly more prevalent among chronic migraine patients (29.55%) than in episodic migraine patients (8.96%; χ = 7,937, p < 0.01), with an estimated odds ratio of 4.26 (95% confidence interval = 1.48 to 12.30).

N/A

There were no significant differences regarding age, gender proportions, or BMI between the two groups

Hepp, 2018 [32]

Reduction of migraine frequency.

Adherent patients were less likely to be diagnosed with comorbid conditions like Addison’s disease, bipolar disorder, chronic kidney disease, depression, migraine, obesity, type 1 or 2 diabetes, and reduced migraine frequency.

Adherent patients had slightly higher drug costs but lower costs in other categories such as total, hospital, ER, outpatient, and laboratory expenses.

OR: 0.94

Lage, 2020 [33]

Pregnant women, pregnant women treated with levothyroxine were significantly younger, had a lower Charlson Comorbidity Index score and had lower rates of comorbid type 2 diabetes and migraines

Migraine % in treated with levothyroxine was 2.7% compared to 4.1% in untreated